语言模型既展示了定量的改进,又展示了新的定性功能,随着规模的增加。尽管它们具有潜在的变革性影响,但这些新能力的特征却很差。为了为未来的研究提供信息,为破坏性的新模型能力做准备,并改善社会有害的效果,至关重要的是,我们必须了解目前和近乎未来的能力和语言模型的局限性。为了应对这一挑战,我们介绍了超越模仿游戏基准(Big Bench)。 Big Bench目前由204个任务组成,由132家机构的442位作者贡献。任务主题是多样的,从语言学,儿童发展,数学,常识性推理,生物学,物理学,社会偏见,软件开发等等。 Big-Bench专注于被认为超出当前语言模型的功能的任务。我们评估了OpenAI的GPT型号,Google内部密集变压器体系结构和大型基础上的开关稀疏变压器的行为,跨越了数百万到数十亿个参数。此外,一个人类专家评估者团队执行了所有任务,以提供强大的基准。研究结果包括:模型性能和校准都随规模改善,但绝对的术语(以及与评估者的性能相比);在模型类中的性能非常相似,尽管带有稀疏性。逐渐和预测的任务通常涉及大量知识或记忆成分,而在临界规模上表现出“突破性”行为的任务通常涉及多个步骤或组成部分或脆性指标;社交偏见通常会随着含糊不清的环境而随着规模而增加,但这可以通过提示来改善。
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了解特征学习如何影响概括是现代深度学习理论的最重要目标之一。在这里,我们研究了学习表示的能力如何影响一类简单模型的概括性能:深贝叶斯线性神经网络接受了非结构化高斯数据的训练。通过将深层随机特征模型与所有训练所有层的深网进行比较,我们将提供详细的表征宽度,深度,数据密度和先验不匹配之间的相互作用。我们表明,在存在标签噪声的情况下,这两种模型都显示出样本的双重变化行为。如果有狭窄的瓶颈层,那么随机特征模型还可以显示模型的双重变化,而深网不显示这些分歧。随机特征模型可以具有特定的宽度,这些宽度对于在给定的数据密度下是最佳的概括,同时使神经网络尽可能宽或狭窄始终是最佳的。此外,我们表明,对内核限制学习曲线的前阶校正无法区分所有培训所有层的随机特征模型和深层网络。综上所述,我们的发现开始阐明建筑细节如何影响这种简单的深层回归模型类别的概括性能。
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There are multiple scales of abstraction from which we can describe the same image, depending on whether we are focusing on fine-grained details or a more global attribute of the image. In brain mapping, learning to automatically parse images to build representations of both small-scale features (e.g., the presence of cells or blood vessels) and global properties of an image (e.g., which brain region the image comes from) is a crucial and open challenge. However, most existing datasets and benchmarks for neuroanatomy consider only a single downstream task at a time. To bridge this gap, we introduce a new dataset, annotations, and multiple downstream tasks that provide diverse ways to readout information about brain structure and architecture from the same image. Our multi-task neuroimaging benchmark (MTNeuro) is built on volumetric, micrometer-resolution X-ray microtomography images spanning a large thalamocortical section of mouse brain, encompassing multiple cortical and subcortical regions. We generated a number of different prediction challenges and evaluated several supervised and self-supervised models for brain-region prediction and pixel-level semantic segmentation of microstructures. Our experiments not only highlight the rich heterogeneity of this dataset, but also provide insights into how self-supervised approaches can be used to learn representations that capture multiple attributes of a single image and perform well on a variety of downstream tasks. Datasets, code, and pre-trained baseline models are provided at: https://mtneuro.github.io/ .
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Objective: We aim to develop an open-source natural language processing (NLP) package, SODA (i.e., SOcial DeterminAnts), with pre-trained transformer models to extract social determinants of health (SDoH) for cancer patients, examine the generalizability of SODA to a new disease domain (i.e., opioid use), and evaluate the extraction rate of SDoH using cancer populations. Methods: We identified SDoH categories and attributes and developed an SDoH corpus using clinical notes from a general cancer cohort. We compared four transformer-based NLP models to extract SDoH, examined the generalizability of NLP models to a cohort of patients prescribed with opioids, and explored customization strategies to improve performance. We applied the best NLP model to extract 19 categories of SDoH from the breast (n=7,971), lung (n=11,804), and colorectal cancer (n=6,240) cohorts. Results and Conclusion: We developed a corpus of 629 cancer patients notes with annotations of 13,193 SDoH concepts/attributes from 19 categories of SDoH. The Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) model achieved the best strict/lenient F1 scores of 0.9216 and 0.9441 for SDoH concept extraction, 0.9617 and 0.9626 for linking attributes to SDoH concepts. Fine-tuning the NLP models using new annotations from opioid use patients improved the strict/lenient F1 scores from 0.8172/0.8502 to 0.8312/0.8679. The extraction rates among 19 categories of SDoH varied greatly, where 10 SDoH could be extracted from >70% of cancer patients, but 9 SDoH had a low extraction rate (<70% of cancer patients). The SODA package with pre-trained transformer models is publicly available at https://github.com/uf-hobiinformatics-lab/SDoH_SODA.
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通用数据模型解决了标准化电子健康记录(EHR)数据的许多挑战,但无法将其集成深度表型所需的资源。开放的生物学和生物医学本体论(OBO)铸造本体论提供了可用于生物学知识的语义计算表示,并能够整合多种生物医学数据。但是,将EHR数据映射到OBO Foundry本体论需要大量的手动策展和域专业知识。我们介绍了一个框架,用于将观察性医学成果合作伙伴关系(OMOP)标准词汇介绍给OBO铸造本体。使用此框架,我们制作了92,367条条件,8,615种药物成分和10,673个测量结果的映射。域专家验证了映射准确性,并且在24家医院进行检查时,映射覆盖了99%的条件和药物成分和68%的测量结果。最后,我们证明OMOP2OBO映射可以帮助系统地识别可能受益于基因检测的未诊断罕见病患者。
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子痫前期是孕产妇和胎儿发病率和死亡率的主要原因。目前,先兆子痫的唯一明确治疗方法是胎盘的递送,这对于疾病的发病机理至关重要。已经广泛地进行了鉴定出差异表达的基因(DEGS),已经进行了广泛的先兆子痫对人胎盘的转录分析。使用无偏见的测定法确定了DEG,但是,在实验上研究DEG的决策受到许多因素的偏见,导致许多DEGS仍未被评估。一组与疾病在实验上相关的DEG,但与文献中的疾病尚无相关性,被称为无知组。先兆子痫具有广泛的科学文献,大量的DEG数据库,只有一种确定的治疗方法。促进基于知识的分析的工具能够将许多来源的不同数据结合起来,以提出基本的行动机制,可能是支持发现并提高我们对这种疾病的理解的宝贵资源。在这项工作中,我们证明了如何使用生物医学知识图(KG)来识别新型的先兆子痫分子机制。现有的开源生物医学资源和公开可用的高通量转录分析数据用于识别和注释当前未经资助的先兆子痫相关的DEG的功能。使用文本挖掘方法从PubMed摘要中鉴定出与先兆子痫相关的基因。文本媒介和荟萃分析衍生的列表的相对补体被确定为未经投票的前启示性脱位相关的DEG(n = 445),即先前的无知组。使用KG研究相关的DEG,揭示了53种新型临床相关和生物学作用的机械关联。
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从X射线图像中自动生成医疗报告可以帮助放射科医生执行耗时但重要的报告任务。然而,实现临床准确的生成报告仍然具有挑战性。发现使用知识图方法对潜在异常进行建模有望在提高临床准确性方面。在本文中,我们介绍了一种新型的罚款颗粒知识图结构,称为属性异常图(ATAG)。 ATAG由互连的异常节点和属性节点组成,使其可以更好地捕获异常细节。与手动构建异常图的现有方法相反,我们提出了一种方法,以根据注释,X射线数据集中的医疗报告和Radlex放射线词典自动构建细粒度的图形结构。然后,我们将使用深层模型与用编码器架构结构进行报告的ATAG嵌入。特别是,探索了图表网络以编码异常及其属性之间的关系。采用门控机制并将其与各种解码器整合在一起。我们根据基准数据集进行了广泛的实验,并表明基于ATAG的深层模型优于SOTA方法,并可以提高生成报告的临床准确性。
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Context-aware decision support in the operating room can foster surgical safety and efficiency by leveraging real-time feedback from surgical workflow analysis. Most existing works recognize surgical activities at a coarse-grained level, such as phases, steps or events, leaving out fine-grained interaction details about the surgical activity; yet those are needed for more helpful AI assistance in the operating room. Recognizing surgical actions as triplets of <instrument, verb, target> combination delivers comprehensive details about the activities taking place in surgical videos. This paper presents CholecTriplet2021: an endoscopic vision challenge organized at MICCAI 2021 for the recognition of surgical action triplets in laparoscopic videos. The challenge granted private access to the large-scale CholecT50 dataset, which is annotated with action triplet information. In this paper, we present the challenge setup and assessment of the state-of-the-art deep learning methods proposed by the participants during the challenge. A total of 4 baseline methods from the challenge organizers and 19 new deep learning algorithms by competing teams are presented to recognize surgical action triplets directly from surgical videos, achieving mean average precision (mAP) ranging from 4.2% to 38.1%. This study also analyzes the significance of the results obtained by the presented approaches, performs a thorough methodological comparison between them, in-depth result analysis, and proposes a novel ensemble method for enhanced recognition. Our analysis shows that surgical workflow analysis is not yet solved, and also highlights interesting directions for future research on fine-grained surgical activity recognition which is of utmost importance for the development of AI in surgery.
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制定了具有机器学习模拟(骆驼)项目的宇宙学和天体物理学,通过数千名宇宙的流体动力模拟和机器学习将宇宙学与天体物理学结合起来。骆驼包含4,233个宇宙学仿真,2,049个n-body和2,184个最先进的流体动力模拟,在参数空间中采样巨大的体积。在本文中,我们介绍了骆驼公共数据发布,描述了骆驼模拟的特性和由它们产生的各种数据产品,包括光环,次麦,银河系和空隙目录,功率谱,Bispectra,Lyman - $ \ Alpha $光谱,概率分布函数,光环径向轮廓和X射线光子列表。我们还释放了超过骆驼 - 山姆的数十亿个星系的目录:与Santa Cruz半分析模型相结合的大量N身体模拟。我们释放包含350多个Terabytes的所有数据,并包含143,922个快照,数百万光环,星系和摘要统计数据。我们提供有关如何访问,下载,读取和处理数据AT \ URL {https://camels.readthedocs.io}的进一步技术详细信息。
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通过最大化示例的不同转换“视图”之间的相似性来构建自我监督学习(SSL)构建表示的最先进的方法。然而,在用于创建视图的转换中没有足够的多样性,难以克服数据中的滋扰变量并构建丰富的表示。这激励了数据集本身来查找类似但不同的样本,以彼此的视图。在本文中,我们介绍了我自己的观点(MISOW),一种新的自我监督学习方法,在数据集中定义预测的不同目标。我们的方法背后的想法是主动挖掘观点,发现在网络的表示空间中的邻居中的样本,然后从一个样本的潜在表示,附近样本的表示。在展示计算机愿景中使用的基准测试中,我们突出了在神经科学的新应用中突出了这个想法的力量,其中SSL尚未应用。在测试多单元神经记录时,我们发现Myow在所有示例中表现出其他自我监督的方法(在某些情况下超过10%),并且经常超越监督的基线。通过MOSO,我们表明可以利用数据的多样性来构建丰富的观点,并在增强的新域中利用自我监督,其中包括有限或未知。
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